Welding and is a fabrication process that joins
materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done
by melting the workpieces and adding a
filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong
joint, but sometimes pressure is
used in conjunction with heat, or by itself,
to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering brazing, which involves melting a lower-melting-point
material between the workpieces to form a bond between them.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process,
welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in
space. Regardless of location, however,
welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous
fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.
Until the end of the 19th
century, the only other welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for
centuries to join metals by heating and pounding them. Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes
to develop during the 1800s, and resistance
welding followed soon after. Welding technology advanced quickly during the
early 20th century as World War I and World War II drove the demand
for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several modern
welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one
of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic
processes such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc
welding and flux-cored arc welding. Developments
continued with the invention of laser beam welding and electron beam
welding in the latter half of the century. Today, the science continues to
advance. Robot welding
is becoming more commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers continue to
develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld quality and
properties.
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